Bacterial Meningitis
Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause acute bacterial meningitis. But it can also occur when bacteria directly invade the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection, a skull fracture, or, rarely, after some surgeries.
Several strains of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis, most commonly:
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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). This bacterium is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States. It more commonly causes pneumonia or ear or sinus infections. A vaccine can help prevent this infection.
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Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus). This bacterium is another leading cause of bacterial meningitis. These bacteria commonly cause an upper respiratory infection but can cause meningococcal meningitis when they enter the bloodstream. This is a highly contagious infection that affects mainly teenagers and young adults. It may cause local epidemics in college dormitories, boarding schools and military bases. A vaccine can help prevent infection.
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Haemophilus influenzae (haemophilus). Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterium was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. But new Hib vaccines have greatly reduced the number of cases of this type of meningitis.
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Listeria monocytogenes (listeria). These bacteria can be found in unpasteurized cheeses, hot dogs and luncheon meats. Pregnant women, newborns, older adults and people with weakened immune systems are most susceptible. Listeria can cross the placental barrier, and infections in late pregnancy may be fatal to the baby.
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Symptoms
Early meningitis symptoms may mimic the flu (influenza). Symptoms may develop over several hours or over a few days.
Possible signs and symptoms in anyone older than the age of 2 include:
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Sudden high fever
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Stiff neck
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Severe headache that seems different than normal
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Headache with nausea or vomiting
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Confusion or difficulty concentrating
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Seizures
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Sleepiness or difficulty waking
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Sensitivity to light
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No appetite or thirst
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Skin rash (sometimes, such as in meningococcal meningitis)
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Signs in newborns
Newborns and infants may show these signs:
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High fever
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Constant crying
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Excessive sleepiness or irritability
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Inactivity or sluggishness
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Poor feeding
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A bulge in the soft spot on top of a baby's head (fontanel)
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Stiffness in a baby's body and neck
Infants with meningitis may be difficult to comfort, and may even cry harder when held.
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Information provided by http://www.mayoclinic.org
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